Two{3 s complement parallel array multiplier

ABSTRACT

Apparatus and methods for performing the parallel m-bit by n-bit multiplication of two binary 2&#39;&#39;s complement numbers by converting the multiplication process to an equivalent parallel array addition in which the operands are positive partial products including (1) terms formed by ANDing a multiplier bit (or its complement), and (2) a multiplicand bit (or its complement) and five additional partial product terms. The resulting simplifications permit circuit realization in the form of an array of 3-bit adders each formed from a combination of threshold logic modules.

United States Patent [1 1 Baugh et al.

TWOS COMPLEMENT PARALLEL ARRAY MULTlPLlER Inventors: Charles Richmond Baugh, Lincroft;

Bruce Allen Wooley, Colts Neck, both of NJ Assignee: Bell Telephone Laboratories,

Incorporated, Murray Hill, NJ.

Filed: Apr. 1, 1974 Appl. No.: 457,079

[1.5. Cl. 235/164 Int. Cl. G061 7/39 Field of Search 235/164 References Cited OTHER PUBLICATIONS Baugh, C. R. et al., A Twos Complement Parallel Array Multiplication Algorithm, in IEEE Trans.

"EDI

[ Feb. 11, 1975 Comp. 022 12 p. 1045-1047, Dec. 1973.

Primary Examiner-Malcolm A. Morrison Assistant Examiner-R. Stephen Dildine, Jr. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-W. Ryan ABSTRACT 14 Claims, 12 Drawing Figures PATENTED 1 3. 866,030

SHEET 2 OF 5 PATENTEDFEBI 1 1975 SHEET 30$ 5 ROW. 3k+3 v SHEET 5 0F 5 PATENTEB FEB] 1 I975 FIG. 7

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION l. Field of the Invention This invention relates to apparatus and methods for forming the product of digital signals. More specifically, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for multiplying 2s complement binary numbers.

2. Description of the Prior Art The use of digital circuits, and in particular, digital computers in recent years has given rise to much research into efficient means for performing specialized arithmetic functions, such as efficient high speed multipliers sfor multiplying signals in various formats. U.S. Pat. No. 3,670,956 issued June 20, 1972 to D. F. Calhoun illustrates one so-called array multiplier system for performing parallel multiplication of operands.

Many of the arithmetic circuits widely used in the digital arts are designed for use with 2s complement binary signals. While such signals and the associated circuits are particularly well adapted for performing efficiently under many circumstances, multiplication using such 2s complement numbers often requires the use of specialized circuits for correcting errors or characteristically incomplete results. See, for example, R. K. Richards, Arithmetic Operations in Digital Computers, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1955, and I. Flores, The Logic of Computer Arithmetic, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 296,562 filed Oct. 11, 1972 by J. .B. Clary illustrates a correction circuit for serial-parallel multiplication circuits. 7

It is therefore an object of the present invention to avoid the need for special purpose circuitry to correct or modify incomplete results in 2s complement multiplication with negative operands.

It is well known that in many contexts circuit reliability and cost are directly related to the number of different components or modules required, as well as the number of interconnecting paths between such modules. Y

It is therefore a further object of the present invention to provide a multiplication circuit having a r educed number of fundamental components and inter connecting paths.

The cost of production and maintenance of many complex systems is often increased by the need for a great variety of individual components or building blocks.

It is therefore a further object of the presentinvention to provide a'multiplic'ation circuit having a reduced number of fundamental building blocks.

Threshold logic circuits have longbeen known in the electronic arts, but have been used to only a relatively small extent because of somewhat greater complexity at the fundamental module level. Recent advances in large scale integrated transistor circuits have, however,

suggested the possible application of threshold logic circuits for realizing, among other things, special purpose arithmetic circuits such as multipliers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,977, issued Aug. 18, 1970 to M. C. Wang describes a threshold logic adder-based binary multiplier. The Wang circuit, however, requires a considerable variety of different logic modules and is not appropriate for 2s complement arithmetic involving negative operands.

It is therefore a further object of the present invention to provide'a multiplication method and system which avoids the need for special post-multiplication correction of results while requiring a small number of different modules, typically of the threshold logic variety, for efficient realization.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION By deriving the complements of each of the input multiplier and multiplicand bits, and by grouping the partial products ofa multiplication process in a particular manner, it is possible to eliminate the need for the generation of any negative partial products. In particular, by first suitably ANDing pairs of operand bits (or their complements) in a prescribed manner to derive the individual partial products, and then adding a reordered (slightly augmented) collection of partial products, it provides possible to form a final product using only AND and ADD functional circuit elements. Further, there is no need to provide corrections when negative operands are involved.

In a preferred embodiment a'simple class of threshold logic circuits are used in an array organization to realize a circuit implementation of'the current inventive multiplication systemand'process. The fundamental building block is advantageously chosen to be a 3-bit threshold logic adder which may include an AND function.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 shows a typical 3-bit adder useful in realizing a circuit implementation of a multiplier in accordance with the present invention. A 7

FIG. 2 shows a combination of threshold logic circuits useful for realizing the 3-bit adder of FIG. I v 1 FIG. 3 shows anarray of 3-bit adders of the type shown in FIG. 1 for realizing an illustrative 8 X 12-bit multiplication in accordance with' the present invention.

- FIG. 4 shows the manner of arranging modules of the type shown in FIG; 1 to realize an arbitrary array multiplier in accordancewith the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows an alternative realization for the logicfunction 203 in FIG". 2. i g 1 .FIG. 6A shows a standard logic circuit useful in realizing some of the logic functions shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6B shows useful modifications to thecircuit of FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6C shows the equivalent circuit resulting from FIG. 6E shows the equivalent circuit resulting from the modifications of FIG. 6D. 7

FIGS. 7 and 8 show alternative logic circuit realizations for achieving the functions of circuits 202 and- 201, respectively, in FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In binary multiplication an n+m-bit product T (p,,.,,,,.,, p,, p is formed by multiplying the,

m-bit multiplicand multiplier lym-n ym-z, 9 yoy he n blt (x,, ,x This multiplication is usually depicted as shown in Example 1. The AND of each multiplier bit and each multiplicant bit is'formed to produce the partial product bits. The partial products are then summed to form the product.

The difficulty in two s complement multiplication lies with the signs of the multiplicand and the multiplier.

Let Y be the value oflhe multiplicand Y, and X the value of the multiplier X. For twos complement representation X and Y are given by m-2 m-l i Y I y 2 '1' 2 y 2 v m 1 i=0 1 The value P,, of the productFis Instead of subtracting the partial products that have EXAMPLE 1 negative signs, the negation of the partial products can he added. The value of the negation ofa two's complemcnt number (z z with value Z is k-2 k-l 1 2 1 z 2 1 0 z 2 (3) where Z, is the complement of Z Therefore, the subtraction of i 1 1,0 x y 2 (u) can be replaced with the addition of Thus the partial product row of Example 2 containing 25 with a 1 added in the p,,, column. Following these substitutions, all partial product bits can be treated in exactly the same manner with respect to the sign.

The substitution of (5) for (4) in Example 2 results in nonuniformity with regard to partial product bits since some partialproduct bits are the NAND ofa multiplier bit and multiplicand bit, while others are formed with an AND. To simplify this situation, the following From (6) it follows that can be rewritten as EXAMPLE 4 It will be noted that the multiplication. shown in Example 4 includes as summed terms partial products involving complemented inputbits, e.g., 3 in the partial product x,, y which is used in place of the more typical x,, y partial product. This represents only a slight 5 difficulty, however, because many functional logic cirthe AND of a multiplier bit and'a'multiplicand bit.

2. Every partial product bit has a positive coefficient.

cuits likely to be used in constructing practical multipliers, such as standard current-mode logic circuits, make available both a variable and its complement with little or no additional complexity. The arrangement derived above and illustrated in Example 3 also requires the derivation of additional degenerate partial products,

EXAMPLE 3 7 Therefore the product is formed with only the AND function and the ADD function. No subtraction is necessary, nor is the NAND function needed to formm An example ofa 41X 8-bit multiplication using this algorithm is shown in Example 4.

l ['1 O 2 O 0 0 0 O O 0 l l O l l 0 l 0 l l O l l 0 l O O 0 l 0 0 l 0 l O l i l l l l 0 O l O O l l 0 2l8 viz., x,, E y E and 1. These functions and the AND circuits required for forming the partial products are, however, readily incorporated in the addition" 3 circuits. See, for example, S. D. Pezaris, A 40-ns 17- bit by 17-bit array multiplier, IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol. C-20, pp. 442-447, April 1971; and-D. Hampel, et al., Development of high-speed integrated circuits, digital multipliers and sample and hold gates; Final Report," US. Air Force Avionics Laboratory, Contract AFAL-TR-7l395, March 1972 for examples involving AND gates in the manner mentioned above.

As will be clear to those skilled in the data processing arts, the above-described reformulation of traditional v multiplication processes can be implemented in' any number of particular special purpose or programmed apparatus embodiments. A particular typical embodiment based on threshold logic circuit building blocks will be described below. Other particular structures based on the more widely used AND and OR gate building blocks are, of course, possible and even desirable in some instances. The basic module to be used in the illustrative embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 as 3-bit adder 101. As can be seen, inputs to the adder 5 module 101 include ordered pairs of input signals from the modular operands A A A A and B 8,8 8 The remaining input C is a carry input from a connected module. The module outputs include 3 ordered sum outputs 8,, S S and a carry output C corresponding 10 to the sum and carry bits for A, B and-C That is module 101 is characterized by the summation B B B,

mas

FIG. 2 illustrates a typical realization of the adder 101 of FIG. 1 in terms of a plurality of threshold logic circuits 201-206. While the particular structure for each of the threshold logic circuits 201-206 form no essential part of the present disclosure, nevertheless a brief characterization of threshold logic functions and circuits will prove useful.

A Boolean function f(X) of N variables, X (x ,XN), is a threshold functi o n if there exist an integer T and a vector of integers W (w,, ,WN) such that 1 if i 4 1= 1 V (a Vb )(a,Vb,) (a b-' o o o o olt where V indicates logical OR. This 7-input threshold function has a structure [l,1,1,2.2,4,4;7.5]. The-logic diagram representationof this function is, of course, shown in'FIG. 2 as 201.- I

Useful tutorial sources on the subject of threshold logic functions and circuits are S.. Mugora, Threshold Logic and Its Application, Wiley, New York, 1971; and D. Hampel and R. O. Winder, Threshold Logic, IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 8, pp. 32-39, May l97l/Particular circuits useful in realizing threshold functions in related contexts are described in US Pat. Nos. 3,524,977 issued Aug. 18, 1970 to M. C. Wang, and 3,725,687 issued Apr. 3, 1973 to J. D. Heightley. The Wang and Heightley patents are hereby incorporated by reference.

It should be clear that, in general, a single threshold logic circuit is capable of implementing a more-complicated logic function than simple gate circuits, thereby reducing the total number of fundamental logic modules and the attendant interconnections. D. Hampel, J. H. Beinart and K. J. Prost, in Threshold Logic Implementation of a Modular Computer System Design, NASA Report CR-I668, October 1970, indicate that a threshold logic realization of typical systems give rise to a logic module reduction of 3:1 or greater as compared to.NAND-gate circuitry. Interconnections between modules are correspondingly reduced by as much as 5:1.

Returning to FIG. 2, it should be noted that the carry output C is generated entirely by the single module 201, while each of the sum outputs s s and 5 are generated only after processing by exactly two modules. It should not be surprising, therefore, that the propagation delay from the inputs to the carry output is approximately one-half of that for the sum outputs, the latter outputs experiencing approximately the same delay.

As noted above, a typical embodiment ofa multiplier in accordance with the present invention assumes the form of an array of the 3-bit adder modules shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. By way of illustration, an array suitable for performing an 8 X 12-bit multiplication will be described. That is, a multiplication example used to illustrate the present invention will be x x x P a P1170 The illustrative 8 X 12-bit 2s complement-multiplier circuit is shown in FIG. 3 as comprising an array of 3-bit adders of thetype described above. For the sake of clarity, the partial product bits have been explicitly shown in FIG. 3 in column p5 only. In each column,-

however, the partial products are seen to have subscripts which sum to the number defined by the corresponding product bit, e.g., x y and x y in the p,; col- 1 additional 3-bit adders are required for a total of 30 3-bit adders. For comparison, a typical 8 X 12-bit signmagnitude multiplier requires 28 3-bit adders.

In determining the propagation delay of the 8 X 12- bit multiplier shown in FIG. 3, the following notation is used. The sum propagation delay, d,, of the adder of FIG. 1 is the delay from the inputs to the sum outputs.

Similarly the carry delay, a is the delay from the inputs to the carry output. As noted above and based on the independent analysis of standard circuits, it is reasonable to assume that the carry delay is less than the When the delays are traced through the array multiplier in this manner the propagation delays shown in Table l are obtained. The terms a/B denote delays of ad ,Bd Therefore the total propagation delay for 8 Product bits p p and 2 have delay 2d 4d because of the carry delay from the row 7 column p adder.

sum delay. It will also be assumed that the carry delay X 12-bit multiplier is e s- Note that the five addiis greater than half the sum delay due to output stage iiohai Partial Product bits required y the Preseht delays on 5,, S S and C These assumptions are S tiplication process do not increase the total propagamarized as tioh delay.

The above array of interconnected 3-bit adders can d8 dc d8 10 be readily generalized to realize nxm-bit multipliers. In (10) order to accommodate an m-bit multiplicand, the array is expanded horizontally. The delay, which is a function To calculate the total propagation delay of the 8 X Ofm, is the Propagation delay of tha bottom o 12-bit multiplier, rows 1, 2, and 3 of FIG. 3 are consid- Of horizontal adders This delay is lm/ l c. re. for ered together. The inputs to the adders in row 3 are de- 5 some number Z [Z] is the eger Part of z. In order to layed by 4 f h adders i rows 1 and 2 Thi i accommodate an n-bit multiplier the array is expanded TABLE 1 COLUMN ROW 191817161514131211109 87654321 3 sum 0/2 0/2 0/2 O/2 O/2 0/2 0/2 O/2 O/2 O/Z 0/2 0/2 O/2 O/l carry 1/0 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 6 sum 0/1 (1/2 0/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 0/4 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 11/3 7 carry l/O l/l l/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 l/3 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2 sum 5/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 2/4 2/4 2/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 7 carry 5/3--4/3--3/3--2/3 based on the assumption that the elay frOm h 1, 1 vertically. The vertical arrangement of the 3-bitfad- 0 51 is t e S as the ay from 2 2 (g 1, B1 ders is done with modules of three rows, as was shown C already applied) to S Since the delay from A B 'in FIG. 3. For an n-bit multiplier the maximum number (given A2, B2, A1, B1, C1 r y appli I0 3 is also 40 of adders needed in a given column is n 1 (not countz the Sum out of row 3 i5 Obtaimd with delay ing the five extrapartial product bits). Thus, for the ex- TheIBfOI'eQPFOdUCt bits P1 P2 and P3 generated i ample of FIG. 3 seven adders are used (not counting deiays and r: respeciiveiy- The Carry out the adders for y x ,,-and I). Since the last row row 3 is obtained within a deiay c sof adders must be arranged horizontally, n 2 rows of ROWS 5 and 6 are treated simiiaiiy i0 rows and adders are implemented with the three row modules. For Column P4 one input arrives with delay s The number of modules is [n/3}. The interconnection from row 3 Column P4) and another input arrives with patterns for the modules for for an arbitrary mxn multideiay c 8 y from row 3 column Pa)- the plier are shown'in FIG. 4. The delays for thefirst three adder of row 5, column p one input arrives with d row d l +2d delay (sum from row 4, column p with one of its WTTTTTTTNM" inputs from row 3 column 12,) and the other input arfor each'carly delay rives with 2d, delay (sum from row 3 column p For for each delay the adder of row 6, column p the inputs arrive in de- The k' module of three rows hasa propagation delay lays d 2d, and 2d,. Therefore, p, is generated in 3d; of d d If each of one of sum and carry delays into delay, p is generated in d 3d, delay, and p is generthe k'" module are d and d,."'-, respectively, each ated in d 3:1 delay. The carry out of the adder in row carry and sum delays out of the k'" module are 6 column p is generated in 2d 2d,- delay. The sum 'd k k-i dc (1* and carry delays. out of row 6 are, in general, d 3:1 deli d li-l d i and 2d 2d,, respectively. I

The remaining portion of the total propagation delay tindidelay through the cmplete Set of is contributed by the carry ripple through the adders of we row mo es row 7. The inputs to these adders, except for the, carry [("/3) T 1] (dc d8) dc for each carry [0 input, are supplied by the row 6 adder outputs, which 1] (dc s for each Sum have delays ofd 34, for the sum and 2d, 2d for the C q y total Propagation delay for an carry. Therefore, p p and p have delay d 4d bit miliiiliiicatiohv i5 [(n/3)1 ](d, d,) 3d, m/3] d, The propagation delay is tabulated for various values in n and m in Table 2.

TABLE 2 n/m 8 I2 16 20 24 TABLE 3 n/m 8 l2 I6 20 24 8 2l 4O 51 58 I2 56 72 89 I06 16 88 I09 130 While the circuits of FIGS. 3 and 4 give the details for one of many ways of implementing the parallel array addition using the 3-bit threshold logic adder of FIGS. 1 and 2, custom threshold logic designs for specific values of n and m may improve the propagation delay of the multiplication. Further, while the above description of a multiplier has proceeded in terms of threshold logic circuits, no such circuits are fundamental to the basic reformulation of the multiplication process for 2s complement binary numbers. That is, standard (nonthreshold logic) adders .may be used to perform the additions by column (with intercolumn carries) of the partial product terms as shown in Example 3 and FIGS. 3 and 4.

Similarly, though sources of typical threshold circuits were cited above, others skilled in the arts will choose different particular designs. Also,-w.hile a uniform array of 3-bit adders has proven advantageous, other practitioners may choose a combination of adders for processing different numbers of bits, including individual I ratio of delays within a range including that indicated to be desirable above. To illustrate the possible need for such propagation delay adjustments, an alternative embodiment of the 3-bit adder of FIG. l'will be discussed.

Thus, for example, the 3-input threshold logic block 203 in FIG. 2 having weights 1,1,l and'threshold T 1.5 will be recognized to be realizable as three 2-input AND gates 501, 502 and 503 connected to an OR gate 504 as shown in FIG. 5. An inverter 505 is also introduced to generate the required inverted output. If, then, a circuit having different device characteristics than those of the gates used to realize the circuit 203 of FIG. 5 were used to realize the circuit 201 in FIG. 2, it might prove advantageous to extend the propagation delays for one of the circuits having the proportinately smaller delay, thereby to achieve the proper carry to sum delay ratio as described in Table l, for example. Such additional propagation delays may be achieved simply by cascading an appropriate number of inverters having known delay in series with the output to be delayed.

'l'he desirability of such delay adjustments may be a result of the availability of a particular threshold logic circuit. For example, a standard threshold logic circuit such as the Motorola type MC-l4530 dual S-input majority logic gate having the weights l,l,l,l,l and threshold 2.5 as shown in FIG. 6A may prove convenient in realizing certain of the threshold logic functions indicated in FIG. 2. Thus if0 and 1 signals are applied to the bottom two inputs of the above-cited Motorola circuit as shown in FIG. 6B,'the equivalent of the circuit of FIG. 6C results. But this is precisely the threshold logic circuit 203 in FIG. 2 or FIG. 5. The propagation delay for the circuit 203 when realized as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C. However, the circuit in FIG. 6C will, in general, be different from that realized using standard gate circuits as shown -in FIG. 5.

It should also be noted that the threshold logic circuits 204-206 in FIG. 2 can also be realized by slight modification to the above-cited Motorola circuit. Thus by connecting together the top two inputs as shown in FIG. 6D, the circuit of FIG. 6E results.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate possible standard logic gate realizations for the threshold circuits 202 and 201, respectively, in FIG. 2. These realizations for circuits 201 and 202 further illustrate the potential need for appropriately padding of propagation delays for particular circuits if the typical relative delays described above in connection with the circuits of FIGS. 3 and 4 are not otherwise achieved. It will be noted that only standard inverters, AND gates, and OR gates are required to realize the circuits of FIGS. 7 and 8.

Though many known threshold logic circuits are readily adapted to include the generation of complements of input variables (multiplier operand bits in thepresent context), a simple inverter for each operand bit may be used when such complementing is not otherwise provided. Similarly, the AND functions required to generate .the partial products may be realized using a simple 2-inpu-t AND gate for each required partial product when the ANDfunction is not otherwise included in the threshold logic or other circuitry described above. i i

In FIG. 3, the explicit generation of the partial product has been avoided. However, it should be understood that only a simple ANDing of the operand digits x and y is required. Further, while the ANDing of input variables (or their complements) may be accomplished in any standard manner, it provides especially convenient'in some embodiments of the present invention to instead perform equivalent NOR operations in accordance with means comprises a plurality of 2-input AND gates, and

means for applying one bit x, and one bit y to each of said AND gates.

3. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said second means comprises 1. means for complementing each multiplicand bit y,-

to form a corresponding bit Y 2. means for complementing each multiplier bit x,- to

form a corresponding bit I 3. a plurality of Z-input AND gates,

Y 4. means for applying x,, to one input of each of a first set of m l of said AND gates,

5. means for applying one of the bits y j 0,1, ,m 2 to the other input of respective ones of said m1 AND gates in said first set of AND gates,

6. means for applying y,,,.; to one input of each of a second set of n l of said AND gates, and

7. means for applying 7,, i= 0,1, ,n 2 to the other input of respective ones of said n 1 AND gates in said second set of AND gates.

4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said second means further comprises means for generating a partial product having the constant value 1.

5. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said third means comprises means for selectively adding said terms formed by said first and second means.

6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said means for adding comprises an interconnected array of substantially identical adders.

I 7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein each of said substantially identical adders comprises a 3-bit adder.

8. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein each of said adders'comp'rises an interconnected plurality of threshold logic circuits.

9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein each of said adderscomprises a 3bit adder.

10. In a digital processing system, the machine method for forming the product, F ='(p,, p,,

. ,p of an m-bit 2s complement multiplicand, 7= (y,,, y,,, ,y and an n-bit 2s complement multiplier, Y (x,, X,, ,x comprising the steps of A. forming partial product terms x y for all i andj which yield positive values, B. forming positive partial product terms equivalent to those x y which are negative, and C. combining said partial produgt terms formed at steps (A) and (B) to produce P.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein said step (B) comprises 1. forming the AND ofx,, and Y,- forj= 0,1, ,m

2. forming the AND ofy,,, and Y, for i=0,l, ,n

2, and

3. forming as partial products x,, E y,,, 7,

and l.

13. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said means for selectively combining comprises summing means for l. forming P k 0,1, ,n m 2,'by summing all of said partial products, the sum of whose subscripts is equal to k, and carries from the sum for k l, and

2. forming p,,, by adding 1 to the'carry resulting from the summing for k n m 2.

14. Apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said summing means comprises an arrayvof substantially identical adders. 

1. Apparatus for forming the product, P (pn m 1, Pm n 2, . . . ,p0), of an m-bit 2''s complement multiplicand, Y (ym 1, ym 2, . . . ,y0), and an n-bit 2''s complement multiplier, X (xn 1, xn 2, . . . ,x0), comprising A. first means for forming partial product terms xiyj for all i and j yielding positive values, B. second means for forming partial product terms having positive values equivalent to those xiyj which are negative, and C. third means for combining said partial product terms formed by said first and second means to form said product P.
 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first means comprises a plurality of 2-input AND gates, and means for applying one bit xi and one bit yj to each of said AND gates.
 2. means for complementing each multiplier bit xi to form a corresponding bit x1,
 2. forming pm n 1 by adding 1 to the carry resulting from the summing for k n + m -
 2. 2. forming the AND of ym 1 and xi for i 0,1, . . . ,n - 2, and
 3. forming as partial products xn 1, xn 1, ym 1, ym 1, and
 1. 3. a plurality of 2-input AND gates,
 3. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said second means comprises
 4. means for applying xn 1 to one input of each of a first set of m - 1 of said AND gates,
 4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said second means further comprises means for generating a partial product having the constant value
 1. 5. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said third means comprises means for selectively adding said terms formed by said first and second means.
 5. means for applying one of the bits yj, j 0,1, . . . ,m - 2 to the other input of respective ones of said m-1 AND gates in said first set of AND gates,
 6. means for applying ym 1 to one input of each of a second set of n - 1 of said AND gates, and
 6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said means for adding comprises an interconnected array of substantially identical adders.
 7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein each of said substantially identical adders comprises a 3-bit adder.
 7. means for applying xi, i 0,1, . . . ,n - 2 to the other input of respective ones of said n - 1 AND gates in said second set of AND gates.
 8. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein each of said adders comprises an interconnected plurality of threShold logic circuits.
 9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein each of said adders comprises a 3-bit adder.
 10. In a digital processing system, the machine method for forming the product, P (pn m 1, pn m 2, . . . ,p0), of an m-bit 2''s complement multiplicand, Y (ym 1, ym 2, . . . ,y0), and an n-bit 2''s complement multiplier, X (xn 1, Xn 2, . . . ,x0) comprising the steps of A. forming partial product terms xiyj for all i and j which yield positive values, B. forming positive partial product terms equivalent to those xiyj which are negative, and C. combining said partial product terms formed at steps (A) and (B) to produce P.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said step (B) comprises
 12. Apparatus for forming the product, P (pn m 1, pn m 2, . . . ,p0), of an m-bit 2''s complement multiplicand, Y (ym 1, ym 2, . . . ,y0), and an n-bit 2''s complement multiplier, X (xn 1, xn 2, . . . ,x0) comprising A. means for forming the positive partial products xiyj, for 0 < or = i < or = n - 2; xn 1yj, for 0 < or = j < or = m - 2; xiym 1, for 0 < or = i < or = n - 2; xn 1, xn 1, ym 1, ym 1, 1, and xn 1ym 1, and B. means for selectively combining said partial products.
 13. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said means for selectively combining comprises summing means for
 14. Apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said summing means comprises an array of substantially identical adders. 